外贸骗术1）419 Scam

贷款手续费诈骗是以获取更大利益为诱导，说服目标预付手续费用的骗局，这类骗局演变成为 Nigerian Letter（也叫 419 诈骗，尼日尼亚骗局，尼日尼亚银行骗局，或者尼日尼亚 money offer）或者是西班牙囚犯,洗钱骗局，亦或是俄罗斯 /乌克兰骗局 (也极其广泛,虽然比前者少见)。

现代 419 骗局起源于上世纪八十年代初正值以石油产业为基础的尼日尼亚经济大萧条时期。在针对西方商人之前，一些失业的大学生首次使用这个手段诈骗一些对尼日尼亚石油黑市交易感兴趣的商务游客，后来流行起来。在 90 年代中早期，以邮件，传真或电报形式对目标公司进行诈骗。电子邮件的易传播性以及群发邮件的软件的应用，相对于传统信件，大大降低了行骗的成本。

在本世纪初，419 骗局在非洲，亚洲以及东欧地区被广泛模仿。近期，北美，西欧以及澳大利亚的诈骗邮件主要来自于非洲。

419 其实是指尼日尼亚刑法中关于诈骗的刑法章节（第 38 章第一部分：以行骗手段获取财产罪）。美国本土协会发现 “419 诈骗” 的说法可追溯至 1992 年。

419 诈骗通常会从一封电子邮件，平邮信件或者一个电话开始。在这些消息或者信件中，会有人声称他们需要你的帮助从当地获得数百万美金。他们会要求你帮他们把资金转到你的银行账户，大多数骗子会使用这种借口：

因为一些古怪的原因，当地政府官员选择了你成为他们的遗属继承人。他们会告诉你你被选中继承他们所有的钱，或者你可以得到一定比例的佣金。其中一些骗子会提前打电话去当地殡仪馆去打听那个区域有哪些人去世了。
然后他们会做一些研究尝试联系那些久未联系的死者亲戚去完善他们的骗局。由于这些骗子得到的信息比受骗人多，即使电话去调查家谱，也会被证实这些信息，让受骗人误认为这个是真事。

这里有一个典型的事例，一封来自我根本不知道的一位非洲人士的邮件，声明只要我付手续费就能得到大额回报!

邮件全部内容如下:

FROM=MR ELUCHI ABIA
PLOT 12 SANUSI FAFUNWA
VICTORIA ISLAND
LAGOS
Dear Friend,
Please accept my sincere apologies if my mail fails to meet your professional and moral Ethics, as we have not met before. I know you may be sceptical about what i am about to tell you because of the evil doings of people of the world today, which has brought fear and made alot of people not to engage in genuine and legitimate business ventures, i urge you to take your time and read this email very well.
I am a Banker; my name is MR ELUCHI ABIA, an accountant. I am the accounts Manager to a late Engineer, a white foreigner whom I have financial dealings for a long time now. He was a contractor with the DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM RESOURCES VICTORIA ISLAND, LAGOS. On 10, Dec 2005, my customer/client, his wife, and his only son were involved in a SOSOLISO AIRLINE CRASH.
https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/4517024.stm
My client and his family all died in that fatal air crash. Since then,I have made several attempts and enquiries to locate any of his extended Relatives, but this has Proved unsuccessful. After several unsuccessful attempts, I decided to trace a good and reliable Person over the Internet, that can help me in repatriating this fund left behind in our Bank since the bank i work for and where the funds is at present intend to declare the funds unservicable if nobody come for the money.
I am contacting you to assist me in repatriating this money left behind by my Customer/client before they get confiscated or declared unserviceable by the bank where these huge deposit was lodged, particularly this Bank that I am presently working, Where the deceased had an account Valued at TWENTY MILLION, FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS, The Bank has issued a notice to provide the next of kin or have the account confiscated within a short period of time.
Since I have been unsuccessful in locating the relatives of my client,I now seek your consent to present you as the next of kin of the deceased so that the proceeds of this account valued at TWENTY MILLION, FIVE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS (USD$20,500,000) will be transferred into your account and we will share the funds according to an agreed ratio.
I have arranged everything and you will not engage in anything that is illegal. I have made arrangements with a good Attorney to assist us. He will present himself to the Bank and notarize all the necessary legal documents that can be used to back up the inheritance claim.
All I require from you is your honest cooperation to enable us see this business through.
Please if you have the capacity to carry out this business, respond to this email immediately, and I will forward to you the full and detailed information of my myself to enable us commence business. immediately.
Expecting your Urgent response.
REGARDS
MR ELUCHI ABIA

邮件中甚至反复强调了时间的紧急性，多次使用 "immediately","urgent" 字眼，并反复强调此事是合法的“I have arranged everything and you will not engage in anything that is illegal"，我们都明白，没有任何缘由反复强调一件事，恰恰表明了这件事是有蹊跷的，这就是做贼心虚。

这里还有一个案例，

这是一个有趣的骗局，看起来在先前骗局基础上的又做了个骗局。但是，我们可以证明这所谓的发生过的骗局也是假的。因为这个邮件的收件人从来未回复任何类似的诈骗邮件。所有这些都是编造的。

此外,上述邮件地址是不真实的。lawyer.com 的网站所有者明确表态：电子邮件地址 @lawyer.com 不是他们公司或网站所用的。相反,那些邮件地址可以从一个免费邮件服务商哪里得到，连同上百个类似域名的邮件地址。所以从这点可以再次证明，眼见并非为实。在网上我们甚至可以搜到其他语言版本的信件，除了语言不同，其他都是一样的，甚至在论坛站内信中出现过。

在大量 419 事例中，最流行的就是乐透彩金，或者来自失联叔叔或者神秘人的遗产继承。其共同点就是：要求收件人与某人联系，在得到承诺的利益之前，需要支付一些手续费用之类的。有时候，骗子会编造一些不同的故事，比如上面所列举的事例。有些甚至会延伸些更有趣的故事，比如也有个受骗者联系骗子问他们要不要买他的旧电脑，但是这些还是比较少见的。

因为许多免费的电子邮件服务商没有有效身份认证, 并允许其在一段时间内，可联系多个受害者，这就成为骗子们行骗的首选方法。甚至有些服务可隐藏发件人的 IP 信息，使得骗子即使在本国内都很难被追踪到，骗子们可以同时注册使用多个账号。此外,即使邮件服务商封锁了骗子的账户，骗子仍可以申请新的账号继续行骗。

这里再列举些相关的案列，

这封邮件大家可以看到，邮件过滤系统已经直接将其标为危险邮件，此类邮件大多数人会选择直接删除。

这两封邮件实际是同一个骗子发的不同版本而已。

还有冒充雅虎内部邀请信函的邮件。

在日常工作生活中，相信大家肯定收到过各种各样的欺诈邮件，那么我们该如何应对这些诈骗呢？这里有几条原则需要记住，

1.来自未知发件人的邮件慎重对待，如果邮件看起来很怪异，请直接删除它，不要打开任何附件或点击其中的链接。
2.不要回应任何垃圾邮件，任何回复都会告诉骗子他们所使用的地址是可用的。即使你非常缺钱，也不要回复这些邮件，它只会让你更惨。
3.永远不要通过邮件或者网站透露个人或者银行信息。
4.永远不要转账给陌生人
5.永远不要不经考虑的将你自己的私人邮箱地址发布在网上诸如论坛或者客户联系册，这些都是可能会被骗子获取从而用在这些诈骗中

从技术层面来说，